ANTONOMASIA AND CONVERSION Antonomasia antonomasia is a rhetoric way of giving an appropriate name or title to someone or something. The epithet or appellative is usually inspired by a specific character, a particular physical trait, or some outstanding feats or deeds of that person or thing and are not just any random names. For instance, when we hear the name of 'Mahatma Gandhi', the first thing that strikes our mind is 'Father of The Nation'. This is exactly what antonomasia means. This figure of speech is usually employed to give a general idea about that person or thing. In India, normally when a child wins a cup in some competition, the proud parents usually say, "Here is my Sher (Lion) with the cup." In reality, epithets like this make the person feel proud and add certain amount of grandeur to their personal appeal. Antonomasia is also known as nominatio, pronominatio and prosonomasia and is at times spelt as 'antinomasia'. The word 'antonomasia' comes from the Greek word 'antonomazein', which means to 'name differently' or 'instead of'. Antonomasia is all about substitution of names for a person with a praiseworthy appellation like brave, coward, furious, clever, and casanova and so on. Even in our daily dialogues, we tend to use antonomasia for complimenting or even abusing someone. Metaphor might look similar to antonomasia, but it is clearly not. The importance of using Antonomasia Antonomasia can provide someone with a strong epithet which further celebrates and memorializes their great deeds. In advertising and pop culture, such wording can also further celebrate the famous, such as The Beatles as “The Fab Four.” Uses for antonomasia vary slightly depending on the time period. In the past, antonomasia would be used to designate class members, as oftentimes people’s names were linked to their professions. Antonomasia was also used in the past to give positive names to strong warriors and negative names to weak or nasty people. Here are a few examples of antonomasia in the past: § Aristotle as “The Philosopher” § Winston Churchill as “The Great Commoner” § William Shakespeare as “The Bard” In this way, the past is similar to the present, as we tend to use antonomasia purely for enjoyment and fun with nicknames. Oftentimes, antonomasia is used to call attention to a certain characteristic. Example 1 Imagine that you have a friend who is a fantastic chef, and you want to say hello. Normal sentence: “Oh, look! Sam’s arrived!” Sentence with Antonomasia: “Oh, look! The great chef has arrived!” Here, the use of antonomasia allows you to greet your friend with a nickname which also reveals something about his character: he’s a great chef. Popular Antonomasia Ø Tarzan – wild Ø Solomon - a wise man Ø Casanova - a philanderer Ø The Bard of Avon - William Ø Beowulf - a myth Ø The Dark Knight – Batman Ø The Führer - Adolf Hitler Ø Judas - Betrayer Ø Beckham – footballer Ø The Iron Lady - Margaret Thatcher Ø The King of Pop - Michael Jackson Ø An Einstein - an intelligent person http://literaryterms.net/antonomasia/ http://fos.iloveindia.com/antonomasia-examples.html conversion conversion is a word-formations process that assigns an existing word to a different word class (part of speech) or syntactic category. This process is also known as a functional shift or zero derivation. In linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form. Conversion is more productive in some languages than in others; in English it is a fairly productive process. Often a word of one lexical category (part of speech) is converted from a word of another lexical category; for example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English; much more remarked upon is verbing, the creation of a verb by a converting a noun or other word. The boundary between conversion and functional shift (the extension of an existing word to take on a new syntactic function) is not well-defined. Example : 1. Let's not Rumsfeld Afghanistan." (Senator Lindsey Graham, quoted in Time magazine, Aug. 24, 2009) 2. "Boyes spent the night with Mr. Vaughan, and they breakfasted together in the usual way upon bacon and eggs, toast, marmalade and coffee." (Dorothy L. Sayers, The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club, 1928) 3. "One writer who went on a tour of New York's Harlem district was shown the place where Adam C. Powell was 'funeralised.' Another letter detailed an American friend's eagerness to see the Prince of Wales 'coronated.' On a flight to Boston, flight attendants promised passengers they would soon 'beverage,' but later, because of adverse weather conditions, they said they were 'unable to complete beverisation.' Asked about this trend, one American quipped: 'Any noun can be verbed.'" (Kevin Courtney, "Con Text Verbing." The Irish Times, March 18, 2008) http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conversterm.htm http://en.termwiki.com/EN/zero-derivation

ONOMATOPOEIA Onomatopoeia is defined as a word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. For instance, saying, “The gushing stream flows in the forest” is a more meaningful description than just saying, “The stream flows in the forest.” The reader is drawn to hear the sound of a “gushing stream” which makes the expression more effective. In addition to the sound they represent, many onomatopoeic words have developed meanings of their own. For example, “whisper” not only represents the sound of people talking quietly, but also describes the action of people talking quietly. The buzzing bee flew away. The sack fell into the river with a splash. The books fell on the table with a loud thump. He looked at the roaring sky. The rustling leaves kept me awake Function of Onomatopoeia Generally, words are used to tell what is happening. Onomatopoeia, on the other hand, helps the readers to hear the sounds the words they reflect. Hence, the reader cannot help but enter the world created by the poet with the aid of these words. The beauty of onomatopoeic words lies in the fact that they are bound to have an effect on the readers’ senses whether they are understood or not. Moreover, a simple plain expression does not have the same emphatic effect that conveys an idea powerfully to the readers. The use of onomatopoeic words helps create emphasis. Onomatopoeia is frequently employed in literature. Below, a few Onomatopoeia examples are highlighted in bold letters: Example #1 “The moan of doves in immemorial elms, And murmuring of innumerable bees…” (‘Come Down, O Maid’ by Alfred Lord Tennyson) Example #2 “Hark, hark! Bow-wow. The watch-dogs bark! Bow-wow. Hark, hark! I hear The strain of strutting chanticleer Cry, ‘cock-a-diddle-dow!'” (Ariel in William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, Act One, scene 2) The more example of the Onomatopoeia : 1. The sheep went, “Baa.” 2. The best part about music class is that you can bang on the drum. 3. It is not unusual for a dog to bark when visitors arrive. 4. Silence your cellphone so that it does not beep during the movie. 5. Dad released a belch from the pit of his stomach. 6. The bridge collapsed creating a tremendous boom. 7. The large dog said, “Bow-wow!” 8. Are you afraid of things that go bump in the night? 9. My brother can burp the alphabet. 10. Both bees and buzzers buzz. 11. The cash register popped open with a heart warming ca-ching. 12. The bird’s chirp filled the empty night air. 13. Her heels clacked on the hardwood floor. 14. The clanging pots and pans awoke the baby. 15. If you want the red team to win, clap your hands right now! 16. The cadets swelled with pride when they heard the clash of the cymbals at their graduation ceremony. 17. The dishes fell to the floor with a clatter. 18. Nothing annoys me more than rapidly clicking your pen. 19. The bride and groom were not surprised to hear the familiar sound of clinking glasses. 20. The horse’s hooves clip-clopped on the cobblestones. 21. Those clucking chickens are driving me crazy! 22. The dim-witted pigeon repulsed us with its nerve crawling coo. 23. If you’re going to cough, please cover your mouth. 24. The prisoner was terrified to hear the crack of the whip. 25. We roasted marshmallows over the crackling fire. 26. The two-year old crashed into the cabinet. 27. The cabinet opened with a distinct creak http://literarydevices.net/onomatopoeia/ http://www.ereadingworksheets.com/figurative-language/poetic-devices/onomatopoeia-examples/

Metonymy and Synecdoche Synecdoche: Parts and Wholes Synecdoche and metonymy, two very particular types of metaphorical expression in which one word is representative for another word or concept. But before we start, let me ask you: Have you ever checked out someone's wheels? Put on a Band-Aid after getting a cut? Cheered on New York during a football game? Even if you haven't, I bet you perfectly understand what each of those sentences mean: That when I say 'wheels' I mean 'car,' when I say 'Band-Aid' I mean an adhesive bandage and when I say 'New York,' I mean whichever team from New York happens to be playing. These are all examples of synecdoche. In synecdoche, a part of something is used to refer to the whole entity, or a whole entity is used to refer to part of something. Some examples? This happens every time someone refers to 'Americans' when what they really mean is the citizens of the United States of America. 'Americans' is a synecdoche for the USA and does not include every member of the entire continents of North or South America (sorry, Canada!). Another synecdoche in everyday usage is when someone asks for your number. You know what they are really asking you for is your phone number and not just a collection of random digits. Here are a couple more examples: 'Hey man, nice threads.' Threads, here, refers to clothes (part of something referring to the whole). 'The stage was nearly set up, but the conductor didn't have enough space for the strings.' Here, 'strings' is synecdoche for a single unit: the 'string section.' Synecdoche: Materials and Containers Sometimes the material an item is made of can be used as synecdoche in place of the actual object. When a sword is referred to as 'steel,' for instance, this is synecdoche, since the entire sword is probably not made of steel. Moreover, the sword could be made of another metal altogether, but the historical connection between 'steel' and 'sword' is powerful enough to make it synecdoche nonetheless. Likewise, if someone asks, 'Are you wearing Kevlar?' you might know from watching enough action movies that this is synecdoche for a bulletproof vest, while using 'plastic' at the grocery store means putting the bill on your credit card because credit cards are made of plastic. As with materials, containers can sometimes come to refer to the objects they contain - another form of synecdoche. As in, 'Nazie drank the cup,' which doesn't literally mean that Nazie swallowed a small cup, but rather that she drank the contents of the cup. Likewise, 'The bartender is giving away the bar,' means that he or she is giving out too many free drinks, which is the stuff the bar contains. Metonymy Metonymy is when a thing refers to something else that it's closely associated with, but unlike synecdoche, the part does not have to refer to the whole, or vice versa. Remember when we talked about how 'wheels' was synecdoche for 'car?' Here's the metonym version of the same: 'It was the town's mechanic, not the rich lawyer, who had the nicest ride.' 'Ride' here is a metonym for 'car' because riding is something you do in an automobile, but the 'ride' is not a part of the automobile and therefore does not qualify as synecdoche. Here's another example: If someone asks you how many plates there are going to be at dinner, what they're really asking you is how many guests are going to show up. Plates are intimately associated with the act of eating, which is what dinner guests typically do, and therefore 'plates' is metonymic for 'dinner guests.' Similarly, if someone tells you 'You have nice kicks,' that's a metonym for shoes, since kicking is something you do with your feet and you wear shoes on your feet. It's not parts referring to wholes (that's synecdoche) but contextual associations linking one word to its meaning in conversation or writing. Technically, synecdoche is actually a very specific kind of metonymy, but synecdoche is a little easier to wrap your head around, and other types of metonymy don't get their own specific categories. Metonymy is different from a metaphor. A metaphor draws resemblance between two different things as in “You are sunlight and I moon” – Sun And Moon from Miss Saigon. Sunlight (and moon) and human are two different things without any association but it attempts to describe one thing in terms of another based on a supposed similarity. Metonymy, however, develops relation on the grounds of close associations as in “The White House is concerned about terrorism.” The White House here represents the people who work in it. Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life We use metonymy frequently in our everyday life. For a better understanding, let us observe a few metonymy examples: England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.) The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.) The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy as it stands for people at work in the office.) Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.) Function of Metonymy Generally, metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism i.e. it gives more profound meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects. By using metonymy, texts exhibit deeper or hidden meanings and thus drawing readers’ attention. In addition, the use of metonymy helps achieve conciseness. For instance, “Rifles were guarding the gate” is more concise than “The guards with rifles in their hands were guarding the gate.” Furthermore, metonymy, like other literary devices, is employed to add a poetic color to words to make them come to life. The simple ordinary things are described in a creative way to insert this “life” factor to the literary works. Sources: http://study.com/academy/lesson/synecdoche-vs-metonymy-definitions-examples.html http://literarydevices.net/metonymy/ - See more at: http://myenglishsoul.blogspot.co.id/2016/05/metonymy-and-synecdoche.html?m=0#sthash.aUxuRlJN.dpuf

Hyperbole Hyperbole is the use of obvious and deliberate exaggeration. Hyperbolic statements are often extravagant and not meant to be taken literally. These statements are used to create a strong impression and add emphasis. We use hyperbole frequently in everyday language, saying things like “I’m so hungry I could eat a cow,” or “We had to wait forever for the bus.” Hyperbole sometimes makes use simile or metaphor to create the effect of exaggeration, such as “He’s as strong as an ox.” Common Examples of Hyperbole - My grandmother is as old as the hills. - My bag weighs a ton! - She is as heavy as an elephant! - I am dying of shame. - I am trying to solve a million issues these days. - The suitcase weighed a ton. - I’m so angry, I could kill him! - I’ve asked you not to do that a thousand times. - If he doesn’t call by tonight, I will absolutely die. - She’s as skinny as a toothpick. - I am so hungry I could eat a horse. - I have a million things to do. - I had to walk 15 miles to school in the snow, uphill. - I had a ton of homework. - If I can’t buy that new game, I will die. - This car goes faster than the speed of light. - That new car costs a bazillion dollars. - We are so poor; we don’t have two cents to rub together. - That joke is so old, the last time I heard it I was riding on a dinosaur. - They ran like greased lightning. - He’s got tons of money. - You could have knocked me over with a feather. - Her brain is the size of a pea. Some jokes also take advantage of hyperbole, like the “Your Mama” jokes. For example: - Your mama is so lazy she got a remote controller to operate her remote. - Your mama is so old her social security number is 1. - Your mama is so ugly they didn’t give her a costume when she auditioned for Star Wars. Hyperbole in Media and Literature If used properly , Hyperbole may encourage consumers to buy a product . Marketing research of Roger J. Kreuz , PhD for military personnel Science Research Workshop in June 2001 in Memphis TN , has shown that 75 % of ads using at least one figuratively. Examples of Hyperbole in advertising include: " Adds amazing luster for infinite , mirror -like shine ". ( Brilliant Brunette shampoo ) “ It doesn’t get better than this” It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor. It does make a comparison but unlike simile and metaphor, hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement. Let us see some examples from Classical English literature in which hyperbole was used successfully. Example in Literature From W.H Auden’s poem “As I Walked One Evening”, I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you Till China and Africa meet, And the river jumps over the mountain And the salmon sing in the street, I’ll love you till the ocean Is folded and hung up to dry The use of hyperbole can be noticed in the above lines. The meeting of China and Africa, the jumping of the river over the mountain, singing of salmon in the street, and the ocean being folded and hung up to be dried are exaggerations not possible in real life. Function of Hyperbole The above arguments make clear the use of hyperbole. In our daily conversation, we use hyperbole to emphasize for an amusing effect. However, in literature it has very serious implications. By using hyperbole, a writer or a poet makes common human feelings remarkable and intense to such an extent that they do not remain ordinary. In literature, usage of hyperbole develops contrasts. When one thing is described with an over-statement and the other thing is presented normally, a striking contrast is developed. This technique is employed to catch the reader’s attention. Sources: http://literarydevices.net/hyperbole/ http://www.literarydevices.com/hyperbole/ - See more at: http://myenglishsoul.blogspot.co.id/2016/05/hyperbole.html?m=0#sthash.OoEptgr3.dpuf

compounding That is, in familiar terms, compounding occurs when two or more words are joined together to make them one word. The meaning of the compound may be very different from the meanings of its components in isolation. In language studies, compounding is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly anoun, verb, or adjective). Also called composition.Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenated words (life-threatening), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium). Types of Compounds A.compound words in morphology, a compound word is made up of two or morewords that express a single idea and function as a single word. The most common types of compound words in English arecompound nouns (e.g., cheeseburger), compound adjectives("red-hot temper"), and compound verbs ("waterproof the deck"). 1. CLOSED COMPOUND WORDS formed when two unique words are joined together do not have a space between them examples: • I love the fireworks on the fourth of July. • Make sure you hold hands when you come to the crosswalk. • The ocean was bathed in moonlight. others examples: football , anybody , everything , inside , upside , railroad etc. 2. OPEN COMPOUND WORDS have a space between the words a new meaning is formed when they are read together examples : • Ice cream is my favorite dessert. • There must be a full moon out tonight. others examples : middle class , cave in , real estate , half sister etc. 3. HYPHENATED COMPOUND WORDS connected by a hyphen examples : • My mother-in-law is coming for a visit. • Some over-the-counter drugs can have serious side effects. others examples : one-half , merry-go-round , well-being etc. One-half Mother-in-law Eighty-six One-third Merry-go-round Well-being Mass-produced Over-the-counter Daughter-in-law B. Compound Adjective A compound adjective is made up of two or more words (such aspart-time and high-speed) that act as a single idea to modify anoun (a part-time employee, a high-speed chase). Also called a phrasal adjective or a compound modifier. As a general rule, the words in a compound adjective arehyphenated when they come before a noun (a well-known actor) but not when they come after (The actor is well known). Also, compound adjectives formed with an adverb ending in -ly(such as rapidly changing) are usually not hyphenated. examples of compound adjectives C.Compound Noun Two or more nouns combined to form a single noun. Compound nouns are written as separate words (grapefruit juice), as words linked by ahyphen (sister-in-law), or as one word (schoolteacher). A compounded noun whose form no longer clearly reveals its origin (such as bonfire ormarshall) is sometimes called an amalgamated compound. Many place names (or toponyms) are amalgamated compounds: e.g., Norwich (north + village) and Sussex (south + Saxons). attributive nouns D.Compound Verb (1) In English grammar, a compound verb is made up of two or more words that function as a single verb. Conventionally, verb compounds are written as either one word ("to housesit") or two hyphenated words ("to water-proof"). Also called a compound (orcomplex) predicate. (2) Similarly, a compound verb can be a phrasal verb or aprepositional verb that behaves either lexically or syntacticallyas a single verb. In such cases, a verb and its particle may be separated by other words ("drop the essay off"). This structure is now more commonly known as a multi-word verb. (3) The term compound verb can also refer to a lexical verb along with its auxiliaries; in traditional grammar, this is called a verb phrase. compound verb E.Exocentric Compound In morphology, an exocentric compound is a compound construction that lacks a head word: that is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. Also called a headless compound. Contrast with endocentric compound (a construction that fulfills the same linguistic function as one of its parts). Put another way, an exocentric compound is a compound word that's not a hyponym of its grammatical head. As discussed below, one well-known type of exocentric compound is the bahuvrihi compound (a term that is sometimes treated as a synonym for exocentric compound). Linguist Valerie Adams illustrates exocentricity in this way: "The term exocentric describes expressions in which no part seems to be of the same kind as the whole or to be central to it. The noun change-over is exocentric, and so are 'verb-complement' noun compounds like stop-gap, along with adjective + noun and noun + noun compounds like air-head, paperback, lowlife. F. Rhyming Compound A compound word that contains rhyming elements, such as blackjack, fuddy duddy, pooper-scooper, and voodoo. Also called rhyme-motivated compounds. Rhyming compounds (subtype of compounds) These words are compounded from two rhyming words. Examples: lovey-dovey chiller-killer There are words that are formally very similar to rhyming compounds, but are not quite compounds in English because the second element is not really a word--it is just a nonsense item added to a root word to form a rhyme. Examples: higgledy-piggledy tootsie-wootsie Kenneth Wilson notes that rhyming compounds are "catchy and surprisingly durable self-imitating words such as nitty-gritty, hanky-panky, hurdy-gurdy, nambypamby, and itty-bitty" G. Root Compound and Synthetic Compound In morphology, a root compound is a compound construction in which the head element is not derived from a verb. Also called aprimary compound or an analytic compound. Contrast withsynthetic compound. Root compounds are made up of free morphemes, and the semantic relation between the two elements in a root compound is not inherently restricted. root compounds In morphology, a synthetic compound is a type of compound that parallels a verbal construction, with the head derived from a verband the other element functioning as an object. Also known as averbal compound. Contrast with root compound. Synthetic compounding is a type of word formation in whichcompounding and derivation are combined. According to Rochelle Lieber, "The thing that distinguishes synthetic from root compounds, and therefore that drives the interpretation of synthetic compounds, is the fact that the secondstem of a synthetic compound is by definition a deverbal derivation, and in deverbal derivations we often have more than one argument available for co-indexing. Further, those arguments, by virtue of being verbal arguments, have distinctive thematic interpretations which contribute to the interpretation of any co-indexed stem" (Morphology and Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press, 2004). synthetic compounds H. Suspended Compound In English grammar, a suspended compound is a set ofcompound nouns or compound adjectives in which an element common to all members is not repeated. Also called suspensive hyphenation. A hyphen and a space follow the first element of a suspended compound. (A hyphen with a space after it is called a hanging hyphen.) blackboard_suspended_compound-640.jpg COMPOUNDING noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight verb-preposition compound: break + up → breakup preposition-verb compound: out + run → outrun adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet preposition-preposition compound: in + to → into

Synonym (Synonym) is a word that has the same meaning or similar but different forms of writing. Other terms of synonym is a synonym or synonym. While antonyms (antonyms) are words that have opposite meanings to each other or opposite also called word. Problems concerning Synonym (Synonym) and antonyms (antonyms) in English is the question of the meaning of words. Both can appear in the sentence off, a whole paragraph or literature, or can be fused with a matter relating to the understanding of the text. Tips to ease you know and answer questions about Synonym (Synonym) and antonyms (antonyms), the following steps: Extend your vocabulary Note the answers. If it does not know the meaning about the same time the answer choice, find the words that you think has almost the same meaning. Usually the answer is no third choice answers that have a similar meaning but actually it is the wrong answer. To further facilitate this lesson, provide admin following the sample questions in it about the word Synonym (Synonym) and antonyms (antonyms) accompanied by discussion: For questions 1 and 2, choose the best word that has the same meaning as the underlined word in the text! Thousand of tourists go to Bali each year. They like to go on trips for the fun of seeing strange (1) things Because Bali is one of the places where they expect to see them.Many villages have gamelan and dance teams for Reviews their religions and other ceremonies. The Kecak or Monkey dance shows part of the famous (2) Ramayana story. Some of other dances are the Legong, the Kebyar and the Jagger. 1. Choose the right answer below! a. wild b. unfamiliar c. dull d. interesting DISCUSSION If we interpret one by one, then: wild = wild, unfamiliar = unusual, dull = stupid, interesting = attractive. The word 'strange' means 'strange'. They have the common meaning of the word 'unfamiliar' which means unusual. So, the most appropriate answer is unfamiliar. 2. Choose the right answer below! a. bold b. well-known c. surprising d. colossal DISCUSSION If we interpret one by one, then: bold = thick, well-known = famous, surprising = staggering, colossal = immense. The word 'famous' and 'well-known' has the same meaning that is well-known. So, the correct answer is well-known. Here are examples of words Synonym (Synonym) and antonyms (antonyms) from the prefix A to Z in English: . SINONIM (SYNONYM) WORD 1 WORD 2 ARTI/ MEANING Abroad Overseas Luar negeri Beautiful Pretty Indah/ Cantik Candy Sweets Permen Destiny Fate Takdir/ Nasib Enormous Huge Besar Fast Quick Cepat Get Receive Mendapatkan/ Menerima Handsome Good looking Tampan Immediate Instantly Segera/ Langsung Job Work Pekerjaan Kid Child Anak Listen Hear Mendengarkan Mad Crazy Gila Near Close Dekat Old Mature Tua Part Section Bagian Real Genuine Nyata/ Asli See Look Melihat Talk Speak Berbicara Under Below Dibawah Vary Differ Berbeda Want Desire Menginginkan Yell Shout Berteriak B. ANTONIM (ANTONYM) WORD 1 WORD 2 ARTI/ MEANING Above Below Diatas>